B2Conjunctions and clauses

Discourse markers

Organize spoken and written arguments using markers for addition, contrast, concession, result, example, reformulation, sequencing and stance.

Overview

What this grammar does

Organize spoken and written arguments using markers for addition, contrast, concession, result, example, reformulation, sequencing and stance.

Form and rules

How it works

Addition markers include furthermore, moreover, in addition and also; register differs.

Contrast/concession markers include however, nevertheless, on the other hand and even so.

Result markers include therefore, consequently and as a result.

Reformulation/examples use in other words, that is, for example and for instance.

Discourse markers connect ideas at sentence/text level and often require punctuation; they are not interchangeable with conjunctions inside a clause.

A closer look

Meaning and use

Reformulation/examples use in other words, that is, for example and for instance.

Discourse markers connect ideas at sentence/text level and often require punctuation; they are not interchangeable with conjunctions inside a clause.

Examples

See the pattern in complete sentences

The plan is expensive. Nevertheless, it may be the safest option.

Costs fell; consequently, profits improved.

We need to reduce complexity. In other words, the process should be simpler.

Several teams improved; for instance, support cut response times by 20%.

Furthermore, the change requires no new software.

Common mistakes

What to avoid

The plan is risky. Therefore, the potential return is high.

The plan is risky. Nevertheless, the potential return is high.

Nevertheless introduces a concession/contrast.

Demand increased sharply. However, the factory added a night shift.

Demand increased sharply. Consequently, the factory added a night shift.

Consequently introduces a result.

Ready to practise?

The test combines multiple choice, gap completion, error correction, and sentence building so students have to recognise and produce the grammar, not simply reread the rule.

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