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B2 Pre-advanced
B2 grammar contents
B2Nouns, pronouns and possession

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

Distinguish self-directed actions, emphasis and mutual relationships using reflexive forms and each other/one another.

Overview

What this grammar does

Distinguish self-directed actions, emphasis and mutual relationships using reflexive forms and each other/one another.

Form and rules

How it works

1

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject when subject and object are the same: She blamed herself.

2

Use reflexives for emphasis: The director herself approved it; by oneself means alone/without help.

3

Each other and one another express reciprocal relationships: They respect each other.

4

A reflexive changes the meaning from reciprocal: They blamed themselves means each blamed self; they blamed each other means mutual blame.

5

Some languages use reflexives where English does not: relax, concentrate, meet and feel do not normally need a reflexive object in ordinary meanings.

A closer look

Meaning and use

A reflexive changes the meaning from reciprocal: They blamed themselves means each blamed self; they blamed each other means mutual blame.

Some languages use reflexives where English does not: relax, concentrate, meet and feel do not normally need a reflexive object in ordinary meanings.

Examples

See the pattern in complete sentences

He taught himself to program.

The founders themselves presented the plan.

They've known each other for years.

The two departments blamed each other.

I went to the event by myself.

Common mistakes

What to avoid

The two teams congratulated them after the match.
The two teams congratulated each other after the match.

The action is reciprocal between the teams.

She completed the entire project by her.
She completed the entire project by herself.

By herself means without help.

Ready to practise?

The test combines multiple choice, gap completion, error correction, and sentence building so students have to recognise and produce the grammar, not simply reread the rule.