Form and rules
How it works
1
-ing participles often describe what causes an effect: a confusing instruction, an exhausting day.
2
-ed/past participles often describe the affected person's state: confused customers, exhausted staff.
3
Past participles can describe a resulting state beyond feelings: a broken window, a written agreement.
4
Participial adjectives can be modified by degree words where natural: deeply disappointed, extremely worrying.
5
Check whether the noun causes the experience, receives it, or is in a completed/resulting state.